Inflammatory Optic Neuritis (ON) is the most frequent cause of acute visual loss in young adults. Although the visual prognosis is excellent in the majority of cases, many patients develop pathology, such as multiple sclerosis, in its subsequent evolution. The natural history of ON has been studied in numerous works in recent years; one of the most important of which is Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Magnetic Resonance plays a fundamental role in the etiological diagnosis of ON and in predicting the risk of conversion into multiple sclerosis. New exploratory techniques have recently been incorporated, such as optical coherence tomography, useful for diagnosis and prognosis; serum biomarkers have been identified in the diagnosis of other pathologies with an autoimmune nature that produce ON. A better understanding of the clinical and exploratory data of typical ON will make a more rapid and accurate diagnostic study possible. Treatment of ON with steroids must be individualised bearing in mind that they do not alter the long-term prognosis and an immunomodulating therapy must be proposed for patients with a high risk of conversion into multiple sclerosis. This article reviews the existing data in the literature on its clinical manifestations, its etiological and differential diagnosis, and the treatment of inflammatory ON.
1. Miller NR, Newman NJ. Optic Neuritis. En: Wals and Hoyt`s-Clinical Neuro-Opthalmology 1999, 5th Edition. [ Links ]2. Miller D, McDonald I, Smith K. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. En: Compston A, Confavreaux C, Lassmann H et al. McAlpine`s Multiple Sclerosis 2006, 4th edition. [ Links ]3. Purvin V, Kawasaki A. Neuro-ophthalmic emergencias for the neurologist. Neurologist 2005; 11: 195-233. [ Links ]4. Kupersmith MJ, Alban T, Zeiffer B, Lefton D. Contrast-enhanced MRI in acute optic neuritis: relationship to visual performance. Brain 2002; 125: 812-822. [ Links ]5. Oreja Guevara C, Noval S. La tomografía de coherencia óptica en la neuritis óptica y esclerosis múltiple. Rev Esp Esclerosis múltiple 2008, Vol I (6): 22-26. [ Links ]6. Costello F, Hodge W, Pan YI. Eggenberger E, Coupland S. Kardon RH. Tracking retinal nerve fiber layer loss after optic neuritis: a prospective study using optical coherente tomography. Multiple Esclerosis 2008; 14: 893-905. [ Links ]7. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM Jr, Keltner JL; Shults WT, Kaufman DI et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 581-588. [ Links ]8. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Neurologic impairment 10 years alter optic neuritis. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 1386-1389. [ Links ]9. Atkins E, Biousse V, Newman NJ. Optic neuritis. Semin Neurol 2007, 27: 211-220. [ Links ]10. Kupersmith MJ, Gal RL, Beck RW, Xing D, Miller N. Visual function at baseline and 1 month in acute optic neuritis: predictors of visual outcome. Neurology 2007; 69: 508-514. [ Links ]11. Brusaferri F, Candelise F. Steroids for multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Neurol 2000; 247: 435-442. [ Links ]12. Rizzo JF, Lessell S. Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after uncomplicated optic neuritis: a long-term prospective study. Neurology 1988; 38: 185-714. [ Links ]13. Tintoré M, Rovira A, Rio J, Nos C, Grivé E, Téllez N et al. Is optic neuritis more benign than other first attacks in multiple sclerosis? Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 210-215. [ Links ]14. The Optic Neuritis Study Trial. Multiple sclerosis risk alter optic neuritis. Final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up. Arch Neurol 2008; 65 : 727-732. [ Links ]15. Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW et al. The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. N Eng J Med 1993; 329: 1764-1769. [ Links ]16. Brex PA, Ciccarelli O, O`Riordan JL, Sailer M, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. A longitudinal study of abnormalities on MRI and disability from multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 158-164. [ Links ]17. Jin YP, De Pedro-Cuesta J, Huang YH, Söderström, M. Predicting multiple sclerosis at optic neuritis onset. Multiple Sclerosis 2003; 9: 135-141. [ Links ]18. Kheradvar A, Tabassi AR, Nikbin B, Khosravi F, Naroueynejad M, Moradi B et al. Influence of HLA on progresión of optic neuritis to MS: results of a tour-year follow-up study. Multiple Sclerosis 2004; 10: 526-531. [ Links ]19. Simó M, Barsi P and Arányi Z. Predictive role of evoked potencial examinations in patients with clinically isolated optic neuritis in Light of the revised McDonald criteria. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 472-478. [ Links ]20. Abou Zeid N and Bhatti MT. Acute inflammatory demyelinating optic neuritis. Neurologist 2008;14: 207-223 [ Links ]21. Cestari DM, Metson RB, Cunnane ME, Faquin WC. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 40-2008. A 26-year-old man with blurred vision. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2825-2833. [ Links ]22. Cikes N, Bosnic D, Sentic M. Non-MS autoinmune demyelination. Clin Neurol Neurosur 2008; 110: 905-912. [ Links ]23. Zajicek JP. Neurosarcoidosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13: 323-325. [ Links ]24. Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn JS for the Internacional Pediatric MS Study Group) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology 2007; 68 (Suppl2): S23-S36. [ Links ]25. Young NP, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: current understanding and controversias. Semin Neurol 2008; 288: 84-94. [ Links ]26. Harding AE, Sweeney MG, Miller DH, Mumford CJ, Kellar-Wood H, Menard D et al. Occurrence of multiple sclerosis-like illness in women who have a Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial DNA mutation. Brain 1992; 115: 978-989. [ Links ]27. Pato-Pato A, Cimas-Hernando I, Lorenzo-González JR. Neuropatía óptica de Leber: caso clínico. Rev Neurol 2006; 42: 22-24. [ Links ]28. Kidd D, Burton B, Plant GT, Gram. EM. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION). Brain 2003; 126: 276-284. [ Links ]29. Pérez-Díaz H, Casado-Chocan JL, Ucles-Sánchez A, Sáiz A. Neuropatía óptica inflamatoria recurrente crónica (CRION) sin detección de Acs IgG-NMO. Neurología 2007; 22: 553-555. [ Links ]30. Pittock SJ. Neuromyelitis optica: a new perspectiva. Sem Neurol 2008; 28 (1): 95-104. [ Links ]31. Lennon VA, Wingerchuck DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-2112. [ Links ]32. Roemer SF, Parisi JE, Lennon VA, Benarroch EE, Lassmann H, Bruck W et al. Pattern-specific los of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 1194-1205. [ Links ]33. Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti C, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 805-815. [ Links ]34. Volpe NJ. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. A definitive answer and profound impact with unexpected results. Arch Ophthalmol 2008, 126: 996-999. [ Links ]35. Calvetti O, Vignal-Clermont C, Drews-Botsch CD, Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Prise en charge des névrites optiques isolées en France: enquete auprès des neurologues et des ophtalmologistes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 164: 233-241. [ Links ]36. Coyle PK. Early treatment of multiple sclerosis to prevent neurologic damage. Neurology 2008; 71(24 Suppl 3): S3-7. [ Links ]37. Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Brownscheidle CM, Murrey TJ, Simonian NA et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1 treatment iniciated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 898-804. [ Links ]38. CHAMPIONS Study Group. IM interferon beta-1 delays definite multiple sclerosis 5 years alter a first demyelinating event. Neurology 2006; 66: 678-684. [ Links ]39. Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof, Durelli L, Edan G, Fernández O et al. Early Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomized study (ETOMS). Lancet 2001; 357: 1576-1582. [ Links ]40. Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversión to clinically definite and MCDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated síndromes. Neurology 2006; 67: 1242-1249. [ Links ]
Polarizacion De La Luz Optica Pdf Download
Download File: https://miimms.com/2vGYd7
2ff7e9595c
Comments